Electrostatic generating and driving machine



N. FELlCl TROSTATIC GENERATING AND DRIVING MACHINE Oct. 25, 1949.

I ELEC .Filed Feb. ll, 1946 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 schau 1 Oct. 25, 19479. N. FEL 2,486,140

ELETROSTATIC GENERATING AND DRIVING MACHINE Filed Feb. ll, 1946 2 sheets-shet 2 Patented Oct 25, 1949 .UNITED ASTATESY PATENT OFFICE ELECTROSTATIC GENERATING AND DRIVING MACHIN E Nol' Felici, Grenoble (Isere), France, assignor to Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, a public establishment of France Application February 11, 1946, Serial No. &16,737 In France November 8, 1944 Section l, Public Law 690, August 8, 1946 Patent expires November 8, 1964 18 Claims. l (Cl. 171-329)- This invention relates to electrostatic machines and more especially to such machines of the type having conductive electrodes 'for accumulating and for carrying and transferring the electrostatically produced energy to or from a terminal of the machine.

It is well known that the working conditions of electrostatic generating machines and of electrostatic motors depend considerably on the fluid dielectric medium in which they operate and that these conditions are improved when the dielectric strength of said medium is increased.

For this purpose it is known to use gases having a high dielectric strength such as chlorinated or fluorinated compounds or' ordinary air`under pressure. d

In the course of studies made in accordance With the invention with a View to improving the presently existing electrostatic machines, experiments have been made for determining the increase of power which'it is theoretically possible to obtan by substituting for the fluid dielectric medium having a dielectric constant e and a dielectric strength E surrounding an electrcstatic machine another fluid medium having a dielectric constant e" and a dielectric strength E'm different from those of the first dielectric medium.

It is known that the field intensity on the surface of a conducting electrified body or electrode determines the value of the "electric pressure" and that the forces which act on the surfaces of electrifiedconducting bodies are always perpzndicular to the-surface so .that one mayspeak of an electric pressure which is the electric force acting on a unit surface. The theory of the electrosta'tic 'field has shown that the elcctric pressure may be expressed as This formula gives the electric pressure in dynes per square centimeter when e is the dielectric constant of the fluid medium and E is the field intensity, these values' being taken in electro-- static units.

It has been found in accordance with the present invention that if the power of an electrostaticmachine were limited only by the dielectric strength of the fluid medium in which it operates, thesubstitution of a medium with a dielectric constant e and a dielectric strength Em by a medium with a dielectric constant e' and a dielectric strength E'm would result in multipl ing the maximum attainable power of said machine between the maximum electrostatic pressures in the two media. In these fgrmuae also the units to be used are those of the mechanical C. G. S. and of the electrostatic C. G. S. systems. The same is true for all the formulae mentioned in the present specification when no other indication s gven.

The preceding result is explained through considering that the maximum charge of the conveying members or electrodes of an electrostatic machine is proportional to the maximum electric induction EEm which can exist in the medium. The same is true, for a constant speed, of the maximum current conveyed by these members while the maximum potential of the collecting members or the terminal is proportional to Em. The maximum power, i. e., the product of the *maximum current by the maximum potential is thus proportional to eE m, i. e., to the maximum electrostatic pressure However, it has not been possible heretofore, when placing an electrostatic machine with movable conductive members such as a Wimshurst or a Toepler machine in a medium having a very high dielectric strength, to obtan from such a machine a maximum power equal to the product cof the power developed when working in air at atmospheric pressure by the ratio of the max- 'imum electrostatic pressures of the medium and of air at atmospheric pressure.

Electrostatic machines as heretofore constructed having conducting members or electrodes are unable to produce large amounts of power output when Operating in atmospheric airbecause the forces acting on their movable members are Vers& limited. It is known that increase of the pressure of the air improves the output of conventional electrostatic machines but results which up to the present have been obtained in such machineshave been unsatisfactory. The power output of such machines may be muitiplied by 3 to 5 when Operating in air at 5 to 10 atmospheres but the power in atmospheric air is so small that such an increase is not sufficient to give any practical result. Nevertheless, from the theoretical viewpoint the increase of power output which should be secured by the use of compressed air or other compressed gases of high dielectric strength is very much greater than actually has been secured and the maximum power output should be proportional to the square of the dielectric strength of the medium in which the machine operates.

The present invention precisely provides a method which makes it possible to determine the chief features of an electrostatic generating machine or an electrostatic motor with relatively movable conductive members for the purpose of obtaining with such a machine Operating in a medium having a very high dielectric strength specific power, that is, the power per unit volume or weight or both, considerably higher than that which has been obtained heretofore and which in practice may be 100 or 200 times that which would be obtained with the same machine working in air at atmospheric pressure.

It is known that, in any electrostatic machine with relatively movable conductive members, electric energy is set in action by means of the variable capacities produced in the relatively moving electrodes, that is, the fixed and movable conductive members or by two different sets of oppositely movable conductive members. The dimensions of spacing and area of the reiatively movable members which determine the value of mine the quantity of electricity with which these :z

members can be charged and which the conveying members transmit while being discharged to the brushes and terminals. The intensity of the current is proportional to this quantity of electricity and to the number of charges and discharges of the conveying members per second, that is'to say, the current is proportional more particularly to the relative speed of these conveying members with respect to the producin members. The power output is equal to the product of the potential of the terminal by the intensity of the current.

In the course of the above mentioned study relatlng more particularly to machines having conductive members or electrodes movable with respect to each other it has been found in accordance with the invention that an essential aspect of the process of converting mechanical work into electric energyor conversely-had been hitherto neglected. For Simplicity the folelectric constant of said medium the highest lowing explanation will be given in connection with the movable conductive members of the machine but the principles and features developed apply equally to the stationary conductive members.

It is known that the electric energy produced by an electrostatic machine Operating as a generating machine is due to the conversion of mechanical work which is necessary to overcome the resisting electrostatic forces acting on the movable members. Conversely, when the machine operates as a motor the mechanical work supplied by the machine is due to the same electrostatic forces.

The resions of the movable members where these forces are acting will be called in the following discussion the "active parts" of the machine by extension of the language used for the electromagnetic machines in which the conductors on which the electromagnetic forces act are called value which the electrostatic pressure on said parts can reach without any breakdown of the dielectric is equal to as above stated. 4

An important condition which has been discovered in connection with this invention is that if the conductive members or electrodes in an electrostatic machine are provided with smooth surfaces continuous over the whole active surface thereof, which may be accomplished with parallel plates having edges of a proper form. the dielectric strength of the air rises nearly proportional to the pressure of the air. Conventional machines, however, have failed to provide throughout the whole extent of the electrode such continuous smooth surfaces as are required to obtain the increase of dielectric strength approxmately proportional to the pressure which will make possible an increase of power proportional to the square of the dielectric strength. It is possible, for example, to obtain in air compressed to about 30 atmospheres field intensities of 600 kv. per centimeter, that is to say, 20 times as great as the maximum field intensity of about 30 kv. in atmospheric air. It would be expected, therefore, that the maximum power output from electrostatic machines should be multiplied by 20 =400 when working in compressed air at 30 atmospheres. such a result. however, has not been reached in the operation of conventional machines in which it has been possible only to multiply the power by 3 to 5 even when working in air at very high pressure.

One reason for such failure to increase the power output with increase of pressure of the air used as the dielectric medium is that all conventional machines having conductive members or electrodes have been built with thin foils or plates which do not provide smooth continuous surfaces throughout the active extent thereo! so as to be capable of taking advantage of the increase in the dielectric strength proportionl to the increase in the pressure of the air. the edge surface of the foil being so limited that the requisite smoothness and continuity thereof with the face surface of the foil are not attainable. The second reason is that such thin foils are not capable of providing sumcient edge surface to provide for substantial forces acting in the direction of movement of the movable electrode. this direction ordinarily being parallel to the face surface of the foils. since the electric forces acting on the fiat face surface of the electrodes are perpendicular to the surface, the flat face surfaces of such foils are eflective only for providing electrostatic capacities and stored electrostatic energy. The forces which may produce the work corresponding to the release of this stored energy during the movement of the movable member or electrode in relation to the stationary electrode are the forces acting on the edge of the foil but the surface of such an edge is so small that the amount of force acting on it is negligible.

For determining the principal features of the active parts of an improved electrostatic machine capable of producing high specific power the maximum work may be calculated which can be developed by the electrostatic forces acting upon the movable conductive member or electrode.

It is n here to dlsting uish various difductor. This trio medium, the profile or contour of the forward and rear edges of this member are respectively projected on-a plane which is perpendicular to the direction of movement. In the following discussion, and by analogy to hydrodynamics, the area produced by the product of this projection multiplied by the length of the edge of the movable mem-ber transversely of the profile plane is called the "main frame area" of such movable conductive member.

It will be understood that the maximum work which it is the purpose to develop isequal to that which a single force, the intensity of which is equal to the product of the main frame area of th movable conductive member multiplied by the maximum electrostatic pressure exerts on the active parts of this member, the application point of this single force being the centre of gravity of main frame area with the movable member.

In the above considered case II where the movable conductive members are in contact both with a fluid dielectric medium and with a solid insulating part it is necessary to take into account not only the electrostatic pressure forces exerted directly on said members but also the forces exerted on the insulating parts fastened to the movable conductive members when these insulating parts supply effective mechanica work.

These forces are due to two causes:

1. The polarization of the insulating parts which causes polarization charges to appear thereon;

2. The ordinary electrification of the insulating parts by friction, fixng of ions 'or other cause. In practice the second type of electrification is negligible in the machines of the nvention.

Most of the insulators are sufliciently near the perfect dielectric state to make it possible in practice, as it is well known, to 'substitute the system of the polarization forces acting upon the same by an equivalent system of pressures normal to their surface and of a value Ste' since o= for the contacting surface of the con-' pressure'is added to the electrostatic pr 81' acting upon the conductor itself for giving the resultant or total electrostatic pressure 81' where e' is the dielectric constant of the solid insulatbr and E' the field intensity in this insulator inthe neighborhood of the conductor, E' being equal to :E "e Thus, the electrostatic forces acting upon the active parts of the machine result:

(A) From the electrostatic pressures applied to the parts of the surface of the movable conductive members which are in contact with (C) From the pressures I e e applied to the parts of the surface of the solid insulator which are in contact with the fluid The two cases are still here to be distinguished: 1. The solid insulator is in contact with only 2. The solid insulator is in contact with two or more movable conductive members. This case chines where all the movable conductive members are embedded in the same insulating disc.

may be considred which are obtained by projecting respectively under the above mentioned conmovable conductive member proper and the fluid dielectric medium, the surface of separation bethe solid insulator; v

cos a] medium.

one movable conductive member.

occurs, for instance, in the Wommelsdorf ma- In the first case (1) three main frame areas ditions the surface of separation between the tween said member and the solid insulator and the surface of separation between the solid insulator and the fluid dielectric medium. These three projected surfaces are designated in the following explanation respectively as (a) Main frame area of a conducting member covered by the fluid medium,

(b) Main frame area of a conducting member covered by the solid insulator, and

(c) Main frame area of the solid insulator.

In this case the maximum work which it is the purpose to develop is equal to that of a single force obtained by the algebraic sum of three forces the intensities of which are respectively equal to the products of the electrostatic pressures defined inthe above paragraphs (A), (B) and (C) by the correspondng main frame areas. The single force in question is applied at a point of the projection plane moving with the movable conducting member.

In the second case (2) the solid insulating part in contact with two different movable conducting 7 members may be divided in two by an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of movement. This plane separates the solid insulating part into portions each of which may be considered as moving with a single movable conducting member. portion which corresponds to the cross section of this portion in the imaginary plane need not be taken into account when calculating the useful forces because the forces acting on both faces of the plane are equal and opposite according to the principle of action and reaction.

The problem of dealing with the solid insulating parts in contact with the conductive members may be reduced, therefore, to the first case (1), the definitions of the main frame areas remaining the same.

In most types of electrostatic machines as herey tofore constructed the movable conductive members are formed of thin metallic foils the main frame area of which is very small owing to this thinness. The maximum force which can act upon such a member is very limited and cannot produce any substantial amount of mechanical power. The electric power is limited in the same manner.

In the investigations which have led to the present invention it has been found that to obtain a suflicient value of useful electrostatic force acting between the movable electrodes carried by the movable member of the machine and the stationary electrodes of the machine in the direction of movement of the movable electrodes it is necessary to form the electrodes with sufllcient thickness to provide the requisite main !rame area and to shape the edges thereof so as to insure substantially uniform distribution of the field intensity over the whole exposed surface of the electrodes, thereby to avoid field concentrations such as may occur at the edge of a foil which may produce corona and sparking and may prevent the attainment of the available improvement for utilizing the dielectric strength nearly proportional to the pressure of the dielectric gaseous medium such as air. It has been found further that it is necessary to provide a certain minimum thickness of the electrode or conductive member which is in a predetermined reiation to the spacing of the movable and stationary electrodes or conductive members in order to secure maximum power.

As above indicated it is important to shape the edge surfaces of both the movable and stationary electrodes so as to avoid field concentration and to insure a uniform distribution of the field over the whole active surface of the respective electrodes. When an electrode having the requisite minimum thickness in reiation to the 'spacing is used it is always possible to obtain a. field intensity on the edge surfaces thereof which is not substantially greater than the field intensity of the faces of the electrodes which are in parallel reiation to each other and this field may approach the maximum safe value permissible in e a dielectric medium of a given dielectric strength It has been shown in the preceding discussion The main frame area of such an insulatingthat in the case when the movable members are in contact only with a fluid dielectric medium the maximum work which the electrostatic forces acting upon such a member can develop is that due to the force F which is equal to applied at the center of gravity of the main frame area S. In order to obtain the maximum available power of the machine which may be developed from the value of the capacities formed by the movable and stationary conductive members and from the difference of potential which may be impressed on them, as stated above. it is necessary that the force F shall have at least a minimum value. This value may be ealculatcd when taking into account the general fact that the work of this electrostatic force corresponds to that which is produced by the variation of the electrostatic energy stored in the capacities formed by the stationary and movable members. Accordingly the main frame area S which the member under consideration must possess is equal at least to This first result having been obtained it is necessary to provide for as uniiorm distribution of the electrostatic field as possible in the neighborhood of the active parts of the movable members by giving said parts suitable shapes which may be determined, for instance by calculation or by graphic methods.

The requisite shape is that provided by a profile section having a smooth curve convex in the conductive member, the curvature of which at the point where it intersects the normal thereto which is parallel to the direction of movement of the movable member or electrode is not less than the curvature at the point of tangency of the curve with the face of the electrode. Where in an electrostatic machine an electrode, either movable or stationary, is arranged between cooperating electrodes to provide active surfaces at each face which are parallel to the direction of movement of the movable electrodes, this smooth curve is tangent to both of the parallel faces of the electrode and in the ordinary case its maximum curvature occurs at the median line between these parallel faces of the electrode. The curve is of such form that the distance from the normal to the parallel surfaces of this electrode which is located at the points of tangency measured to the point of maximum curvature along the median line is greater than the thickness of the electrode between its parallel faces ness.

tion to the active surface of the stationary electrode the edge surface of the electrodes is formed with substantially the same curvature with respect to the single active face thereof, that is. the essential curvature is that provided by the curve from one of the points of tangency at one side of the median line inthe electrode having two active faces to the point of maximum curvature. The edge surface in the single face electrode, however, is co'ntinued in rounded form beyond this point to prevent leakage or sparking.

The underlying reason for this requirement as to the form of the curve may be shown to be that the eflect of the increase of the distance of the surface of one electrode from the cooperating electrode at successivo points along the curved edge surface in combination with the tendency of the increasing'curvature of the electrode to produce concentration of the field toward the point of maximum curvature balance each other to secure uniform distribution. A good approximation of the optimumshape of the profile of the section of the electrode is that of half an ellipse the ratio of the axes of which is between 2 and 3 to 1, the short axis of the ellipse extending perpendicular to the face surface of the electrode. It is not possible in all cases to obtain an absolutely uniform distribution of the electric field around the active parts of the conductive movable members. If the electric field in the vicinity of the movable conductive member reaches the dielectric strength Em of the medium at some point without exceeding this dielectric strength, the intensity of the useful force' acting on the movable conductive members is K e EES 81' ar eEE In the case when the movable conductive members are in contact not only 'with the fiuiddielectric medium but also with a solid insulator it is necessary to take into account three main frame areas corresponding to the three pressure classes defined in the above paragraphs (A), (B) and (C).

If S is the main frame area of a movable conductive member covered with the fluid medium,

S' the main frame area of the same member covered by the solid insulator, s" the main framc area of the solid insulator moving with said movable conductive member, the maximum work of the pressure (A) applied to the movable conductive member is approximately equal to that of a single force applied at the center of gravity G of the surface S, said point being considered as moving with the movable conductive member and its intensity being eEfiS 81r e being the dielectric constant and Em being the dielectricstrength of the fluid medium. The maximum work of the pressure (B) is approximately equal to that of a similar force applied at' the center of gravity G' of the surface S' and the intensity of which is e' and E'm respectively being the dielectric constant and dielectric strength of the solid insulator.

The maximum work of the pressure (C) is approximately equal to that of a force app i d at since the angle 10 the center of gravity G" of the surface S" and the intensity of which is %msu a is generaly small because the ratio In order to obtain the maximum available power of the machine it is necessary that this force shall have at least a certain intensity F which may be calculated as above stated. Accordingly, the three main frame areas S, S' and S" should satisfy the relationthat the sum of the three forces should not be less than F.

This result being obtained, it is necessary, as indicated above, to provide as uniform distribution of field intensity as possible by giving to the active parts suitable shapes which may be determined as hereinafter discussed. If the distribution of the field intensity is not exactly unlform, shape indices K, K', K" must be introduced into the above formula .which they become.

eE e' E:) 81r S 81 This formula becomes greatly simplified if the solid insulator is provided with plane faces parallel to the movement of the movable member. In this case there are no active surfaces of the insulator efi'ective in the direction of movement and S" then becomes zero, thus eliminating the third term from the formula. If, furthermore, the active parts of the movable conductive members are completely surrounded by the solid insulator as in the Wommelsdorf machine, the surfaces S are also eliminated. 'The first term of the formula then is eliminated and the minimum value of the surface s' is determined by When the above mentioned features concerning main frame'area, thickness-and shaping of active parts of the movable conductive members are provided in an electrostatic machine the machine becomes able to take full advantage of the increase of the dielectric strength of the surrounding season medium.

Moreover, the investigations which led to this invention have shown that for a given resistance of the exterior circuit the useful voltage and the current capacity at a given speed are both exactly proportional to the dielectric strength of the surrounding medium when measured between parallel plates, and the useful power output in its turn becomes exactly proportional to the square of this dielectric strength.

With conventional electrostatic machines it has not heretofore been possible to develop conditions of construction and operation which will produce this result because of corona and other electrcstatic effects which have limited not only the amount of power generated or produced but 1 1 also the voltage for any given current including the maximum voltage which has been attainable with very small Currents.

For instance, experience shows the dielectric strength of atmospheric air may be multiplied by a factor of about when compressed to a pressure of atmospheres. Thus, the voltage and current of any machine embodying the above mentioned improvements as to main frame area, thickness and shape of the electrodes will be multiplied by 15 =225 when working in air at 25 atmospheres pressure. V t

It is important to point out that the above described improvements become of greater and greater effect according as the dielectric strength of the fluid medium in which the machine operates is increased. Neither the current capacity nor the voltage of the conventional machines increased proportionally with the dielectric strength of the medium. For instance, the dielectric strength of air at a pressure of about 15 atmospheres is about 10 times that of atmospheric air but this secured only an increase of both current and voltage of 2 or 3 times. In some machines no substantial improvement was obtained in the current Capacity due to the rapidly increasing efiect of leaks and corona with pressure because a sufiiciently smooth form of the electrodes was not secured. On the other hand in the improved machines of the invention the above mentioned increase of the pressure of the air would multiply both the current and voltage by the same factor, namely 10, and the power in its turn would be multiplied by 100.

Accordingly, machines responding to the invention can attain considerable electric powers exceeding 2,000 kilowatts per cubic meter of space required when Operating in presently known fluid media having a high dielectric strength. such specific power is at least 1,000 times as high as that of the best electrostatic machines hitherto manufactured and it is even higher than that of the most powerful electromagnetic machines.

The practically complete elimination of the J electric losses results in the possibility of obtaining an electric eiciency of more than 98%, the electric eiciency being the fraction of the work absorbed by the electrostatic forces which is converted into useful electric energy or, in a motor, the fraction of absorbed electric energy converted into useful mechanical work. The losses are practically due only to mechanical and fluid friction but the amount of this friction may be kept low so asto obtain an overall emciency higher than 90%.

The following are examples of application of the method according to the invention which will be described with reference to the drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing an electrostatic machine of the Toepler type constructed in accordance with the invention.

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view to enlarged scale taken on line 2-2 of Fig. 1 of a conveying sector of such a machine movable between two producer electrodes.

Fig. 3 is a modification of the conveyor and producer electrodes of Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is a sectional view of the electrodes in which the conductive conveyor sectors of the machine are entirely embedded in a solid insulator.

Fig. 5 is a sectional view in which a piece of ill solid insulator extends between and is in contact with two conductive sectors without these conductive members being entirely embedded in said insulator.

Fig. 6 is a sectional view in which a conduclive :ector is provided with an insulating piece in contact therewith which is not in contact with another conductive member of the machine.

Example l A machine embodying the invention in which the movable conductive members are in contact only with the fluid dielectric medium.

In the embodiment diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 1 such a machine comprises a set of three conductive sectors n secured on a shaft il in insulated relation to each other and to said shaft. The shaft il is supported for rotation in bearing 25 and frame l3 to efiect rotative movement on the axis of the shaft of the rotor constituted by the sectors IO. suitable driving means not shown may be used to eifect rotation of shaft II and of this rotor. These sectors [0 which are the electricity conveyors pass during their rotation between the electricity producers formed of a pair of spaced conducting electrodes or plates l2 mounted in insulated relation to and on the frame !3 of the machine by means of studs 21. The studs 21 hold the plates 2 in position so that the conductor conveyors o may pass into and out of the space between and into and out of face to face relation with the producer plates l2. As shown in Fig. l the frame !3 may be supported by suitable means within a pressurized casing or shell 35 which may be oi' cylindrical form. The casing 35 may be constructed to withstand a pressure, for example, of 17 atmospheres or other suitable pressure to provide the desired dielectric strength of the air or other gaseous dielectric medium conned therein which envelopes the electrodes of the machine.

To operate the machine the conveyors o are set in rotation, the producers |2 having been brought to a certain potential by connection to a suitable source of electricity. When one of the conveyors o begins to pass between the plates |2 of the producer it is connected with the ground at the proper moment or with a source of electricity of a sign opposite to that of the producer |2 by means of a brush H and thus is increasingly charged with electricity as long as the capacity of the conveyor and the producer increases with increase in the lap of the face surfaces of the producer plates and the conveyor sectors. When this capacity has reached its maximum value and begins to decrease with decrease of the lap of the plates and conveyors the connection between the conveyor ll) and the brush ll in interrupted and the potential of the conveyor rises at the rate of the decrease of the capacity provided between it and the producer plates. The conveyor then comes into contact with a terminal brush |5 insulated from the frame !3 of the machine, this brush being connected with the load. Further decrease of the capacity between conveyor and producer plates causes the electric charge of the former to flow to the load. When the discharge of the conveyor to the load is completed the connection between the conveyor o and the brush IS is interrupted and the cycle may begin again.

13 prise N+1 paralle plates I! in interspersed relation to the conveyor sectors.

The construction of the machine shown in Fig. 1 may be modified for different purposes. The conveying sectors o and the producer plates I! can be substituted by members having surfaces other than plane surfaces, for instance. they may be formed as surfaces of revolution. It is also possible to make the producers movable and to cause them to rotate in the direction opposite to that of the rotation of the conveyors o. v

In the most frequently utilized arrangement, shown in the drawing, the conveyor sectors o and the plates 2 of the producer are arranged so as substantially to form condensers with parallel plane plates. In the following discussion e represents the distance between the parallel faces of a sector and a plate\9f a producer and 2h represents the thickness of a sector.

The maximum available power of the machine is reached when the condensers formed by the stationary and movable members have stored the maximum electric energy, that is to say, when the uniform field between the parallel faces of the movable sectors o and of the producer plates l2 reaches Em, i. e. when the potential difference between a conveyor Io and a plate !2 reaches 'the value U =Eme. This maximum power is m'CU, n being the number of conveyors circumferentially spaced about the axis of the shaft ll, n' the number of revolutions per second made by the conveyors, C the maximum capacity produced by a conveyor and the cooperating producer plates corrected if necessary for any interfering capacities.

The determination, according to the invention, of the characteristic features to be given to the machine in order that this maximum of power can be obtained eflectively is effected in the following manner:

When a'good distribution of the electrostatic field around the edge is obtained by shaping the edges of the conveyor or movable electrode there is provided a uniform pressure around the edge of the electrode. The force which is acting on an elemental' surface of the edge is equal to the product of that constant pressure bythe area of the elemental surface but the effective component of this force is that which is in the direction of movement of the electrode. As shown in Fig. 2, P represents the uniform pressure on and normal to an elemental area of the edge surfaces and s represents this area. The useful force acting in the direction of movement of the movable electrode is the component of Pxs whichis in this direction. This component is PXSXCOSa, where w is the angle between the direction of P and the direction of movement of the movable electrode. The element of work which is done when the electrode is moved through the distance d, therefore, is

The projection of the area s on a plane perpendicular to the direction of movement is s cos w, w being also the angle of inclination of the elemental surface to this plane of projection. The summation of the projected elemental areas is equal to the area of the cross section of the electrode one dimension of which area is the thickness 2h of the electrode and-the other dimension is the unit length a of the electrode in the direction parallel to its edge. The total work which is done for a given displacement d of the movable electrode is equal to the product of the summation of the projected areas multiplied by Pd and may be expressed as On the other hand the work which is done by the electrostatic forces when the movable electrode is moved in face to face relation with the stationary electrode must be equal `to the variation of the energy of the condenser which is formed by the movable electrode and the stationary electrode. It is known that the total energy of a plate condenser is equal to cU where c is the capacity of the condenser and U is the potential difl'erence between its plates. The variation of the total energy of the con-. denser formed between the movable electrode or conveyor of the electrostatic machine and the stationary electrode or producer plate is equal to the variation of 1/2CU2. The value of c in its turn varies with the variation of the amount of ?the overlapping surface of the movable and stationa'y plates as the movable plate is moved past the stationary plate and the variation of c for a given amount of variation in the overlap may be expressed in C. G. S. units as Ati-m where E is the variation of the amount of the overlapping surface and e is the spacing be-- tween the movable and stationary plates. The potential difference U is equal to the uniform field intensity between the plates multiplied by their spacing as indicated above.

U=Eme Substituting the values of Ac and U in the for mula cU for the movable conveyor electrode or plate having two active surfaces the variation in the energy for variation 2: of the overlapping surface may be expressed as If the movement of the movable plate is d and the length of the surface of the plate transverse to the movement thereof is a, E is equal to da and the expression may be rewritten as follows:

2 edaE','e

The expression for the work of the elctric force as above explained is P d 2h a where 2h is the thickness of the plate, 2h a being the summation of the projected elemental areas of the curved edge surface, and d the movement of the plate. Substituting in this expression, E being the constant value of the uniform field intensity of the edge surface, the following equation may be made "E7 If uniform distribution over the edge surfaces of the electrodes as well as over the face surfaces is to be Secured E will be equal to Em and the half thickness h of the electrode between its faces will be equal to the spacing e 15 I! the field intensity Eon the edge surface is not to exceed the field intensity Em on the faces of the plate then E must be not greater than Em and 2h must be not less than 2e duced below that which provides for proper clearanccs between the movable members of the machine and the stationary members thereoi and particularly between the faces of the movable electrodes and the faces of the stationary electrodes, the thickness in the electrostatic machine of the invention ordinarily is not substantially less than .2 cm. and in practice may be considerably greater than this dimension depending upon the particular Construction of the machine. Where the cooperating electrodes are active at only one face thereot the minimum thickness of the electrode will be not less than the spacing between the faces oi' the electrodes, that is, in practice it will not be substantially less than .1 cm. When electrodes are used having a thickness at least equal to the spacing between them, that is, for electrodes active at one face thereof, or a thickness equal to twice the spacing between them, that is, for electrodes active at both faces, the provision of the requisite curvature of the edge surfaces as described above to secure uniform distribution of the field intensity becomes practically possible.

When the potential difference between the secv tor o carried o' the rotatable shaft ll and a blade z, Figs. 1 and 2, is U the energy of the condenser which they form with the capacity c is cU During a small rotation of d of the sector the capacity c varies by do and the work of the electrostatic forces is U dc.

This work is equal to that of a single force F applied at the center of gravity of the main frame of the sector and, for the small angle of rotation do corresponding to the movement of'the sector, the work due to this force is Fxrxd, where r is the distance from G to the axis of rotation. The equation, therefore, may be written /2U dC -"F7'd0 and the value of F then may be expressed The value of dc is determined from the change in the area of the overlapping surfaces of the electrodes and the spacing e thereot similarly to the general exposition given above. The change 4 card& do: 41'&

Substituting these valuesin the equation !or F 16 and giving eflect to the two active surfaces ot the movable electrode According to the invention the field intensity on .the edge surface of the electrode should not exceed Em and correspondingly the electric pressure should 'not exceed e i: I 8-, The electrostatic force acting on the edge surface, theretore, should not exceed substituting !or F the value As one example these conditions may be met by taking h=1.5e and by giving to the profile of the sector edges the shape approximating a half ellipse the ratio of the axes of which is between 2 and 3, the long axis being parallel to the plane faces of the sector, Fig. 3. In general it may be said that favorable shapes are given by the elongated curves such as an ellipse, i. e. those the curvature of which is small or zero at the point where they are tangent to the plane part o! the sector, this curvature increasing up to the torwardmost or most rearward part thereot where the curvature is maximum.

The plates |2 of the producers being subjected to the same forces as the conveying sectors and having regard to the equality of the action and the reaction between the sectors and the plates, in general they may be given the same thickness and the same profile as the conveying sector-a If the above mentioned conditions relating to the thickness of the sectors and to the shaping of their edge proflles are not satisfled the maximum power %m'CU can not be attained. Only a part of it can be obtained, this part being the smaller the more one departs from the prescriptions according to the invention.

A machine constructed according to the inventlon with a plurality of parallel sets of producers and corresponding conveyors is capable of developing large amounts of power ii it operates in a fluid medium with a sufilcient dielectric strength Em. The capacity C can be taken equal to 6 NSo 418 i! So is the area ot one face of a plate of the machine. As the thickness of a plate is substantially ze, that is, is twice the spacing, the total width o! a machine with N plates is substantially GNe, the required Volume thus being approximately 6Neso. The maximum power /um'CU is Dividing this expression by BNeSo which is the active Volume ot the machine, there is obtained 17' the specific power, that is the power per unit of Volume, vis: e

1 e& l""87 a: If -CLOO ;pule per cubc centmetcr a value which is obtained, for instance, with Freon (celin) under a pressure oi' atmospheres or with carbon dioxide (002) under a pressure of 17 atmosph'eres, the specific power is, for' n=8, n'=15 revolutions per second XISXODOES watt/cm'= v V 0.05 watt/cm'=50 kilowatts/m Example II A machine similar to a Wimshurst machine in having two insulating plates carrying narrow conducting sectors and rotating in opposite direce Em In a rotation of 1/n of a revolution of each plate each comb receives 2Q or Let 2V be the maximum potential difference between the combs consistent with the dielectric strength of the medium and consistent with good operation. For a rotation of 1/n revolution the maximum electric energy which may be produced is The maximum power oi' the machine is, therefore;

n'n 'WS V 'I' if the machine rotates at n' ond.

For the usual position of the diametral brushes about of the sectors of each plate are charged and become, therefore, the source of useful electrostatic forces. These useful forces are approximately equally distributed between all the charged sectors in proportion to n. Let F be the useful force acting upon a. sector. Its moment with respect to the axis is FX R, if R is the distance from the center of a sector to the axis, and its work in the rotation of /n revolution is revolutions per sec- The work oi' all the useful forces in l/n revolution is e By setting thi work equal produced in 1/n revolution 81' F X R- SoV and the value o! the useful forces 3 EEV F- R S According to the invention in this example it is necessary to provide each sector with a sumcient main frame area. The minimum value of this to the electric energy area may be obtained by dividing the above men- .tioned force F by the maximum electrostatic pressure eEj 8? 81rF V S e E3 1r E.R or practically V m It is thus necessary to take the main frame area The value s given by this calculation is valid only if all the useful forces applied to the sectors are constant and equal to one another. Since in such a modified Wimshurst machine it is not possible to meet exactly these conditions it is advisable to multiply the main frame area S by a coefieient of between 1.2 and 2.

By way of example if one considers a machine for which in air under (Em=30 kv./cm.), V=60 kv. and R=20 cm.,

So SE The main frame area thus determined may be obtained by using thick sectors the forward and rear edges of which shall have, for instance, a half-circular profile intended for distributing the electric field. It is also possible to use a thin metallic foil the edge 'portion of which is bent upon itself in a smooth closed curve so as to provide the sector with the requisite main frame area.

In a general manner the applcant has found that it is preferable to give to the movable conducting members of an electrostatic machine according to the invention a thickness of at least 0.2 centimeter or a main frame area of at least 0.2 a square centimeter, a being the dimension in centimeters perpendicular to the projection of the profile of the edge surface and dening therewith the main frame area. As all the edges of the conductive members must have the indicated thickness this thickness may be called the "marginal thickness" and may be deflned in general as being the smallest distance which can be contained between the parallel jaws of a slide caliper or caliper-square when these jaws are both tangent to the surface of the conducting member and parallel to the direction of movement.

Example III A machine in which the sectors are entirely em- I ordinary pressure veying sector III and a producer plate l2 and e' is the thickness of a solid insulator IE with a dielectric constant e' and a dielectric strength E'm. The potential difference between producer I2 and conveyor 'n reaches its maximum value U when the field reaches the dielectric strength Em of the medium in the region where it is uniform provided the known relation The main frame area S of a conveyor sector o covered by the fluid is zero. The same is true for the main frame area S" of the solid insulator covered by the fluid medium if, as it is usual and shown, the insulator is provided on the fluid medium side with plane faces which are parallel to the direction of movement. The only area which remains to be taken into co'nsideration is the area S' of the main !rame of a sector ID covered by the solid insulator !6.

Similarly to the development set forth above in connection with Example I the formula for the half thickness may be developed for the construction of this example, Fig. 4. The work of the electrostatic forces during a rotation of da of a sector n is equal to that of a single force applied at the center of gravity G of the main frame of the sector and the intensity of which is if r is the distance from G to the axis of the machine and c the Capacity of the condenser formed by the sector and producer. The main frame of the active parts of a sector o is comparable to a rectangle having the surface S'=2ha, h being the half-thickness and a being the length perpendicular to the projection of the profile of the sector on the projection plane. Similarly to the explanation in Example I the change in capacity may be expressed dhe: :1110 e,

Substituting the value of U and the value of dc in the equation for F and giving effect to the two active surfaces of the movable electrode then The electrostatic force acting on the edge surface therefore should not exceed substituting for F the value 20 above developed E? &Ej e c' 81 &E; e e' n h eE: 7%@

T i ie half thickness, therefore, is expressed This first result being obtained it is necessary to choose for`the front or back surface l'l of the sectors in Fig. 4 a favorable shape insuring a good distribution of the field, i. e. such a shape that the field remains on the entire extent of this surface less than or equal to E'm, the dielectric strength of the .solid insulator when it reaches the value Em in the fluid medium where the field is uniform.

By way of example substantially as shown in Fig. 4, if the solid insulator has a dielectric constant 6:36, a dielectric strength E'mzOAEm and if e' 0.2e the above mentioned conditions are met by taking h=3 (e+e') and by giving the surface ll a half-circular profile with the radius h. The shape index K' of this profile is then about 0.7.

The forces exerted between the producers !2 and the conveyors o being equal and opposite it is advisable to give the plates |2 of the producers a thickness which is at least equal to and to choose for their edges a favorable profile insuring a good distribution of the field. These conditions will be met, for instance, by taking for the thickness of a plate 3(e+e') and by giving to its front and back surfaces the profile of a half ellipse the ratio of the axes of which is between 2 and 3, the long axis being parallel to the plane faces of the plate.

If the plates |2 of the producers were similarly embedded in a solid insulator so as to obtain plates similar to the movable plates it would be advisable generally to give these plates the same thickness and the same profile as the conveyorsectors III.

If the previously found conditions are not met it is not possible to attain with certainty the maximum power /2nn'CU the value of which has been established above. Since it is now a solid insulator which is in contact with the sectors, this insulator can be damaged by an excessive field prevailing on the active parts, which would put the machine out of use.

Example IV A machine in which a solid insulator occupies the space between and in contact with two consecutive sectors but does not fully embed these sectors, Fig. 5.

In this case the force F has a value E?. (2ea) since the opposed faces of the' conveying sectors III and of the producers |2 are separated only by the fluid medium but a part of the main frame of the conveyors is covered by the fluid and another part by the solid insulator !8. If x is tiu choose for their front or back cured to the rear surface &486,140

applied at 'the same point as F. This equation may be written The thickness 2h of the sectors I li being calculated according to this formula it is necessary to surfaces Il a shape insuring a good distribution of the field, that is to say. such a shape that the field intensity remains in the fluid lower than or equal to Em and in the solid lower than or equal to E'm, when it 'is equal to Em on the plane face of the sector where the field is uniform.

By way of example substantially as shown in Fig. 5, if the solid insulator s has a dielectric constant e'=3c, a dielectric strength E'm=0.45 Em and if 7\=0.5 the preceding conditions are met by taking h=2e and giving to surfaces l'l an elliptic shape with the half axes h and 2h, the long axis being parallel to the plane faces of the sector ll). The shape index K of the part of the main frame covered by the fluid is about 0.60 and the shape index K' of the portion covered by the solid is about 0.66. As to the plates z of the producers, if they are surrounded only by the fluid medium their case is identical with that of the above considered conveying sectors of Example I.

i They must, therefor'e, be treated according to t the same rules.

Example V A machine in which insulating pieces are seof the conveying sectors, Fig. 6.

This arrangement makes it possible to give the whole of the sectors o and of the adapted insulating pieces I!! streamlined forms which it would not be possible to give the conductive sectors or electrodes themselves without causing electric losses. 7/

In this'case the solid insulator is provided with separate parts which are secured to the respective sectors `and are materially distinct from 'eachother, contrary to what occurs in the preceding cases. If x designates the fraction of the total area of the main frame 2ha covered with the solid insulator, the main frame areas to be considered are S=(1-\) 2ha; S'=\ 2ha; S"=S' 2ha The force F has always the value e E: (26() and may be expressed approximately as follows:

face,

this value of h being in* the great majority of cases approached by lower value.

This first result being obtained it is necessary tochoose for the surface ll of the sectors I! a favorable profile insuring as in the preceding cases a good distribution of the fleld in the solid insulator and in the fluid. By way of example, as shown substantially in Fig. 6, if the solid. insulator has a dielectric constant e'=3e, a dielectric strensth E'm=0.4Em and if x=o.5 the'preceding conditions are met when taking h=1.5e and giving to the said surface an elliptic profile of axes h and 2h, to which is adjoined an insulating tail s having the form of a dihedron of 60" the sharp edge 20 of which is 0.67h from the top of surface ll. The shape index K of the portion of the main frame of the sector covered by the fluid is about 0.8; the shape index K' of the portion of the main frame of the sector covered by the solid insulator is about 0.6 and K', shape index of the main frame of the solid insulator covered by the fluid is 'about 0.45. As to the plates of the producers, if they are surrounded only by the fluid medium their case is identica with that of the above considered sectors of Example I. They must, therefore, be treated according to ,the same rules.

Example VI A Wimshurst or similar machine i'n which all the sectors of each plate are surrounded as it has been proposed by Wommelsdorf by a solid insulator with a dielectric strength E-'m and a dielectric constant e'. E

If the faces of the plates are plane and perpendicular to the axis of the rotatable discs the areas s" are zero. The main frame area s' of a sector will be deduced from the main frame area S calculated as indicated in Example II, by the relation e e E:

e Ts v If the machine were operated in air under ordinary pressure, in which the maximum electrostatic pressure LEA! is small, S' might be smaller than S. The inverse, however, gener'ally is the case in a medium such as air at high pressure having a very high dielectric strength the maximum electrostatic pressure of which exceeds that of many solid insulators;

I claim:

1. In an electrostatic machine, a conductive electrode having a substantial extent of active face surface, a second conductive electrode having a substantial extent of active face surat least one of said electrodes being mounted for movement relative to the other electrode to bring said active face surfaces into and out 'of opposed another, said electrodes each having a substantial thickness perpendicular to the face surface thereof and each being provided along the edges of its active face surface with edge surfaces that are profiled in a plane perpendicular to the face surface so as to form a smooth curve which merges tangentially with said face surface and is convex with respect to said electrode, the shape of the profile of said edge surface being that which provides a substantially uniform distribu tion of the electrostatic field about said edge surface at an intensity not substantially exceeding parallel spaced reltion to one 23 the intensity of the electrostatic field between the opposed face surfaces of 'said electrodes.

2. An electrostatic machine according to claim l whcrein the thickness of each of the electrodes as measured by the distance between the active face surface of the eiectrode and the plane of the normal to the curve of the profiled edge surface that is parallel to the direction of movement is not substantially less than the spacing between the opposed active face surfaces of said electrodes.

3. An electrostatic machine comprising a conductive producer electrode having a substantial extent of active face surface, a conductive conveyor eiectrode having a substantial extent of active face surface in parallel relation to and disposed toward said face surface of said producer eiectrode, and means for supporting said electrodes for movement of one with respect to the other to move said face surfaces of said producer and conveyor electrodes parallel to and in spaced relation to each other, said electrodes each being formed to provide at the edges thereof which extend transversely of the direction of movement a profile of itsedge surface in a plane perpendicuiar to its face surface which forms a smooth curve tangent to said face surface of said eiectrode and to provide a substantial thickness of the eiectrode perpendicuiar to the face surface thereof, said curve being convex with respect to said eiectrode and having a shape which provides a substantially uniform distribution of the electrostatic field about the edge surface not substantially exceeding in intensity the intensity of the electrostatic field between the parallel face surfaces of said electrodes.

4. An electrostatic machine comprising a stationary conductive producer eiectrode having a substantial extent of active face surface, a conductive conveyor eiectrode having a substantial extent of active face surface in parallel relation to and disposed toward said face surface of said producer electrode, and means for supporting said conveyor eiectrode for movement thereof with respect to said stationary eiectrode to move said face surface of said conveyor eiectrode parallel to and in spaced relation to said face surface of said producer eiectrode, said electrodes each being formed to provide at the edge surfaces thereof transverse to the direction of movement of said conveyor eiectrode a profile of its edge surfaces in a plane perpendicuiar to its face surface which forms a smooth curve tangent to said face surface of said eiectrode and is convex with respect to said eiectrode and provides a substantial thickness perpendicuiar to said face surface thereof, said curve having a curvature which is not substantially less at the intersection of said curve with the normal thereto which is parallel to the direction of movement of said conveyor eiectrode than the curvature at the point of tangency of said curve with said face surface of said eiectrode.

5. An electrostatic machine according to claim 3 in which said curve has a curvature which is greater at the intersection of said curve with the normal thereto which is parallel to said direction of movement than the curvature at the point of tangency with said face surface of said electrode.

6. In an electrostatic machine, a pair of conductive producer electrodes each having a substantial extent of active face surface at least at one face thereof, said producer electrodes being disposed with said active faces thereof toward each other and generally parallel to and in spaced relation to each other, a conductive conveyor eiectrode having parallel active face surfaces of substantial extent, and means for supporting said electrodes for movement of said pair of producer electrodes and said conveyor electrodes with respect to each other in the direction parallel to said faces of said producer electrodes to bring said active face surfaces of said pair of producer electrodes and said active face surfaces of said conveyor eiectrode into and out of parallel relation of said conveyor electrode between said producer electrodes, said electrodes being provided at the edges thereof transverse to said direction of movement with edge surfaces profiled in planes perpendicuiar to the respective active faces and intersecting the respective edges. each having the form of a smooth curve tangent to its respective active face surfaces intersected by said planes, the thickness of said producer electrodes being at least equal to the spacing between said producer and conveyor electrodes' and the thickness of said conveyor eiectrode being at least twice said soacing.

7. An electrostatic machine comprising a stationary conductive producer eiectrode having a substantial extent of active face surface, a conductive conveyor eiectrode having a substantial active face surface disposed in parailel relation to and toward said face surface of said stationary producer eiectrode, and means for supporting said conveyor eiectrode for movement thereof to move said face surface of said conveyor eiectrode parallel to and in spaced relation to said face surface of said stationary producer electrode, said eiectrodes each being formed with edges transverse to the direction of movement of said conveyor eiectrode, each of said edges being shaped to provide a proflleof its edge surface in a plane perpendicular to its face surface and extending in the direction of movement of said movable electrode which forms a smooth curve tangent to said face surface of said eiectrode, said curve being convex with respect to said eiectrode and having a shape to provide a substantially uniform distribution of the electrostatic field about the edge surface not substantialy exceeding in intensity the intensity of the electrostatic field between the parallel face surfaces of said electrodes, said electrodes each having a thickness as measured by the distance between the active face surface of said eiectrode and the plane parallel to said face which is normal to the curve of said profile not substantially less than the spacing between said active paraliel faces of said electrodes.

8. An electrostatic machine according to claim 3 wherein the thickness of each of the electrodes as mea-sured between the active face surface of the eiectrode and the plane normal to the curve of the profiled edge surface that is parallel to the direction of movement is not substantially less than .1 cm.

9. An electrostatic machine according to claim 3 in which the shape of the profile of said edge surface is substantially the curve of an ellipse having the long diameter thereof parallel to said face surfaces of said electrodes.

10. An electrostatic machine comprising a conductive conveyor eiectrode and a conductive p'roducer eiectrode each having a substantiai extent of active face surface. said electrodes being supported in a dielectric medium for movement of one with respect to the other to bring said active face surfaces into and out of opposed paralle spaced relation to one another, said movement being eflected in the direction parallel to said faces thereof, said dielectric medium having a dielectric strength Em and a' dielectric 'constant a,

said' conductive electrodes being formed to provide edges extending transversely of said direction of movement having active edge surfaces capabie of carrying without discharge through said dielectric medium an electrostatic pressure at any point of said surfaces approaching a maximum of.

y eE,"

11. An electrostatic machine as defined in claim in which each of said conductive electrodes is provided along each of said edges thereof which extends transversel of the direction of relative movement of said electrode with an edge surface that is profiled in a plane perpendicular to the face surfaces of said electrodes so as to form a smooth curve convex with respect to said electrode which merges tangentially with the face surface thereof, said conductive electrodes each having a thickness for a unit length along said transverse edge of said electrode which determines a main frame area of at least S'rF K eE',

F being the value of the electrostatic force acting in the direction of movement on said transverse edge of said electrode and effective at the center of gravity of said unit length o fsaid electrode to resist or to effect said movement of said electrodes,

and K being a fraction designating the shape intween a face of said conveyor electrode and the adjacent opposed face of a producer electrode.

13. An electrostatic machine comprising a conductive conveyor electrode and a conductive producer electrode each having a substantial extent of active face surface, said electrodes being supported in a fluid dielectric medium for movement of one with respect to the other to bring said active face surfaces into and out of opposed parallel spaced relation to one another, said movement being effected in the direction parallel to said faces of said electrodes, said fluid dielectric medium having a dielectric strength Em and a dielectric constant e, said conductive electrodes each being formed to provide edges extending transversely of said direction of movement having edge surfaces shaped with a profile in a plane perpendicular to its face surface which is a smooth curve tangent to said face surface, said curve being convex with respect to said electrode, at least said conveyor electrode carrying a solid dielectric material having a thickness e' upon said face of said conveyor electrode and providing a face of said solid dielectric material parallel to said face of said conveyor electrode, the spacing between said face of said solid dielectric material and the adjacent face of said producer electrode being e, said solid dielectric material having a dielectric strength E'm and a dielectric constant e', said conductive 26 wnveyor electrode having. a thickness as measured by the distance h between the active face surface thereof and the plane parallel to said face i which is normal to the curve of said profile such that 14. An electrostatic machine as defined in claim 13 in which said profile is in the form of an ellipse with the short axis thereof perpendicular to the face of said conveyor electrode at the point oi' tangency with said face of said conveyor electrode, h being the half of the short axis of the ellipse measured from' said point of tangency.

15. An electrostatic machine comprising a conductive producer electrode, at least two conductive conveyor electrodes, said producer electrodes and said conveyor electrodes each having a substantial extent of active face surface, means for supportin said conveyor electrodes in spaced relation with respect, to each other with said faces thereof extending in the direction generally parallel to said face of said producer electrode and for movement of saidconveyor electrodes in sad direction to move said faces thereof in succession into and out of opposed parallel face to face relation to said producer electrode in spaced relation thereto, a member of solid insulating material positioned in the space between said conveyor electrodes and supported for movement therewith, said member being in contact with at least a part of the adjacent edge surfaces of said two' conveyor electrodes which are transverse to said direction of movement, means for confining a fluid dielectric medium between and in contact with the face of said producer electrode and the faces of said conveyor electrodes opposed thereto, and in contact with the exposed portions of said edge surfaces of said producer electrode and of said conveyor electrodes which are transverse to said direction of movement, said conveyor electrodes each having the surfaces of said tranverse edges thereof profiled in a plane perpendicular to the face surface thereof so as to form a smooth curve which merges tangentially with said face surface and is convex with respect to said conveyor electrode, said conveyor electrodes each having a thickness as measured by the distance h between 'the active face surface thereof and the plane of the normal to the curve of the profile of said edge surface that is parallel to the direction of movement such that A being the fraction of th main frarne area of the conveyor electrode covered by said solid insulating member, e being the spacing between the face of said producer electrode and the face of a conveyor electrode when in said opposed face ductive conveyor electrode and a conductive producer electrode each having a substantial extent of active face surface, means for supporting said electrodes with said faces thereof in parallel spaced relation to each other and for movement of one with respect to the other in the direction 27 parallel to said faces thereof to bring said electrodes into and out of face to face relation to each other, and means for confining a fluid dielectric medium having a dieiectric strength Em and a dielectric constant e' in contact with at least the active face of said conveyor electrode, said conveyor electrode being of substantial thickness perpendicular to the face surface thereof and carrying in contact with at ieast a part of the surface of the trailing edge thereof which is transverse to said direction of said movement -a member of solid insulating material of hydrodynamic or aerodynamic form, said conveyor eiectrode having the surface of said transverse edge thereof proled in a plane perpendicular to the face surface thereof so as to form a smooth curve which merges tangentiaily with said face surface and is convex with respect to said conveyor eiectrode, said conveyor electrode having a thickness as measured by the distance h between the active face surface thereof and the plane of the normal to the curve of the profile of said trailing edge surface that is parallel to the direction of movement such that A bein the fraction of the main frame area of said conductive conveyor electrode coveredv by said solid insuiating material, e being the spacing between the face of said producer electrode and the opposed face of said conveyor eiectrode, e and e' respectively being the dielectric constants of said fluid dielectric medium and of' the solid insuiating material, and Em. and E'm respectively being the dielectric strengths of said fluid dielectric medium and of said solid insulating material.

17. An electrostatic machine as defined in claim 1 which comprises means for confining a dielectric gaseous medium at a pressure substantialiy above atmospheric pressure, and means for supporting said conductive electrodes for said relative movement thereof within said confining means.

18. An electrostatic machine as deflned in claim 3 which comprises means for confinng a, diele tric gaseous medium at a pressure substantiaiy above atmospheric pressure between and in contact with the active face of said producer electrode and the parallel active face of said conveyor electrode and in contact with at least a part of said edge surface of said conveyor electrode.

NOL FELICI.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date ?79,190 Thomson Jan. 3, 1905 2,252,668 Trump Aug. 12, 1941 

